Sobre el origen del Cristianismo

BREVE SÍNTESIS SOBRE EL ORIGEN HISTÓRICO DEL CRISTIANISMO

Podría parecer extraño asegurar que el cristianismo no nace espontáneamente, ab ovo, alrededor de un fundador carismático, que sería Cristo. Sin embargo, en realidad su nacimiento no acontece en un instante privilegiado, sino que se produce cuando alcanza conciencia histórica de sus orígenes, hecho que sucede a partir de las primeras historias del cristianismo, en específico, la de Eusebio de Cesarea. Las antiguas comunidades cristianas transforman paulatinamente el carácter carismático, apocalíptico, gnóstico, exegético, en una ecclesia definida por mediación de un pacto de fidelidad, de un credo, en relación a una sistematización doctrinal ( trinitaria y cristológica ), discutida, en relación al símbolo de la fe, por los llamados Padres de la Iglesia, como Agustín, Hilario, Basilio, Atanasio, y ambos Gregorios, Nacianceno y de Nisa, y que acabará convirtiéndose en el cuerpo dogmático a través del cual se instituye lo que en rigor deberíamos llamar Iglesia. Las comunidades apocalípticas aguardaban impacientes la llegada próxima del reino de Dios una vez que se inaugurasen los tiempos mesiánicos; más tarde, esas mismas comunidades, testimoniadas en Pablo y los Sinópticos, se constituirán en comunidades gnósticas, en las que se hace significativa la aparición de un enviado o salvador que proporciona el camino y la guía para que dichas comunidades descubran la riqueza del logos-Dios manifestado. Finalmente, se establecen como comunidades hermenéuticas que interpretan el libro considerado canónico, creando figuras alegóricas que sirvan de claves exegéticas del sentido de la Biblia, hasta que se construyan vastas sistematizaciones doctrinales que provean el cuerpo dogmático de la comunidad eclesiástica. Es desde ese momento cuando el canon bíblico adquiere, basado en la concepción de Jesucristo como el que cumple las antiguas promesas, una doble naturaleza: un carácter definitivo, normativo, al que nada se le puede añadir o quitar, y su adaptabilidad para dar respuesta a la auto-comprensión propia de cada generación de creyentes.

Julio López Saco

Rig Veda II: libro I, himnos VI-X (en inglés)

Hymn 6

युञ्जन्ति बरध्नमरुषं चरन्तं परि तस्थुषः रोचन्तेरोचना दिवि युञ्जन्त्यस्य काम्या हरी विपक्षसा रथे शोणा धर्ष्णू नर्वाहसा केतुं कर्ण्वन्नकेतवे पेशो मर्या अपेशसे समुषद्भिरजायथाः आदह सवधामनु पुनर्गर्भत्वमेरिरे दधाना नामयज्ञियम वीळु चिदारुजत्नुभिर्गुहा चिदिन्द्र वह्निभिः अविन्द उस्रिया अनु देवयन्तो यथा मतिमछा विदद्वसुं गिरः महामनूषत शरुतम इन्द्रेण सं हि दर्क्षसे संजग्मानो अबिभ्युषा मन्दू समानवर्चसा अनवद्यैरभिद्युभिर्मखः सहस्वदर्चति गणैरिन्द्रस्य काम्यैः अतः परिज्मन्ना गहि दिवो वा रोचनादधि समस्मिन्न्र्ञ्जते गिरः इतो वा सातिमीमहे दिवो वा पार्थिवादधि इन्द्रं महोवा रजसः
yuñjanti bradhnamaruṣaṃ carantaṃ pari tasthuṣaḥ rocanterocanā divi yuñjantyasya kāmyā harī vipakṣasā rathe śoṇā dhṛṣṇū nṛvāhasā ketuṃ kṛṇvannaketave peśo maryā apeśase samuṣadbhirajāyathāḥ ādaha svadhāmanu punargharbhatvamerire dadhānā nāmayajñiyam vīḷu cidārujatnubhirghuhā cidindra vahnibhiḥ avinda usriyā anu devayanto yathā matimachā vidadvasuṃ ghiraḥ mahāmanūṣata śrutam indreṇa saṃ hi dṛkṣase saṃjaghmāno abibhyuṣā mandū samānavarcasā anavadyairabhidyubhirmakhaḥ sahasvadarcati ghaṇairindrasya kāmyaiḥ ataḥ parijmannā ghahi divo vā rocanādadhi samasminnṛñjate ghiraḥ ito vā sātimīmahe divo vā pārthivādadhi indraṃ mahovā rajasaḥ

HYMN VI
Indra

1 They who stand round him as he moves harness the bright, the ruddy SteedThe lights are shining in the sky.2 On both sides to the car they yoke the two bay coursers dear to him,Bold, tawny, bearers of the Chief.3 Thou, making light where no light was, and form, O men: where form was not,Wast born together with the Dawns.4 Thereafter they, as is their wont, threw off the state of babes unborn,Assuming sacrificial names.5 Thou, Indra, with the Tempest-Gods, the breakers down of what is firm,Foundest the kine even in the cave.6 Worshipping even as they list, singers laud him who findeth wealth,The far-renowned, the mighty One.7 Mayest thou verily be seen coming by fearless Indra's side:Both joyous, equal in your sheen.8 With Indra's well beloved hosts, the blameless, hastening to heaven,The sacrificer cries aloud.9 Come from this place, O Wanderer, or downward from the light of heaven:Our songs of praise all yearn for this.10 Indra we seek to give us help, from here, from heaven above the earth,Or from the spacious firmament.

Hymn 7

इन्द्रमिद गाथिनो बर्हदिन्द्रमर्केभिरर्किणः इन्द्रं वाणीरनूषत इन्द्र इद धर्योः सचा सम्मिश्ल आ वचोयुजा इन्द्रो वज्रीहिरण्ययः इन्द्रो दीर्घाय चक्षस आ सूर्यं रोहयद दिवि वि गोभिरद्रिमैरयत इन्द्र वाजेषु नो.अव सहस्रप्रधनेषु च उग्र उग्राभिरूतिभिः इन्द्रं वयं महाधन इन्द्रमर्भे हवामहे युजं वर्त्रेषु वज्रिणम स नो वर्षन्नमुं चरुं सत्रादावन्नपा वर्धि अस्मभ्यमप्रतिष्कुतः तुञ्जे-तुञ्जे य उत्तरे सतोमा इन्द्रस्य वज्रिणः न विन्धेस्य सुष्टुतिम वर्षा यूथेव वंसगः कर्ष्टीरियर्त्योजसा ईशानो अप्रतिष्कुतः य एकश्चर्षणीनां वसूनामिरज्यति इन्द्रः पञ्च कसितीनाम इन्द्रं वो विश्वतस परि हवामहे जनेभ्यः अस्माकमस्तु केवलः
indramid ghāthino bṛhadindramarkebhirarkiṇaḥ indraṃ vāṇīranūṣata indra id dharyoḥ sacā sammiśla ā vacoyujā indro vajrīhiraṇyayaḥ indro dīrghāya cakṣasa ā sūryaṃ rohayad divi vi ghobhiradrimairayat indra vājeṣu no.ava sahasrapradhaneṣu ca ughra ughrābhirūtibhiḥ indraṃ vayaṃ mahādhana indramarbhe havāmahe yujaṃ vṛtreṣu vajriṇam sa no vṛṣannamuṃ caruṃ satrādāvannapā vṛdhi asmabhyamapratiṣkutaḥ tuñje-tuñje ya uttare stomā indrasya vajriṇaḥ na vindheasya suṣṭutim vṛṣā yūtheva vaṃsaghaḥ kṛṣṭīriyartyojasā īśāno apratiṣkutaḥ ya ekaścarṣaṇīnāṃ vasūnāmirajyati indraḥ pañca ksitīnām indraṃ vo viśvatas pari havāmahe janebhyaḥ asmākamastu kevalaḥ

HYMN VII
Indra

1 INDRA the singers with high praise, Indra reciters with their lauds,Indra the choirs have glorified.2 Indra hath ever close to him his two bay steeds and word-yoked car,Indra the golden, thunder-armed.3 Indra hath raised the Sun on high in heaven, that he may see afar:He burst the mountain for the kine.4 Help us, O Indra, in the frays, yea, frays, where thousand spoils are gained,With awful aids, O awful One.5 In mighty battle we invoke Indra, Indra in lesser fight,The Friend who bends his bolt at fiends.6 Unclose, our manly Hero, thou for ever bounteous, yonder cloud,For us, thou irresistible.7 Still higher, at each strain of mine, thunder-armed Indra's praises rise:I find no laud worthy of him.8 Even as the bull drives on the herds, he drives the people with his might,The Ruler irresistible:9 Indra who rules with single sway men, riches, and the fivefold raceOf those who dwell upon the earth.10 For your sake from each side we call Indra away from other men:Ours, and none others', may he be.

Hymn 8

एन्द्र सानसिं रयिं सजित्वानं सदासहम वर्षिष्ठमूतये भर नि येन मुष्टिहत्यया नि वर्त्रा रुणधामहै तवोतासो नयर्वता इन्द्र तवोतास आ वयं वज्रं घना ददीमहि जयेम सं युधि सप्र्धः वयं शूरेभिरस्त्र्भिरिन्द्र तवया युजा वयम सासह्याम पर्तन्यतः महानिन्द्रः परश्च नु महित्वमस्तु वज्रिणे दयौर्नप्रथिना शवः समोहे वा य आशत नरस्तोकस्य सनितौ विप्रासो वा धियायवः यः कुक्षिः सोमपातमः समुद्र इव पिन्वते उर्वीरापो न काकुदः एवा हयस्य सून्र्ता विरप्शी गोमती मही पक्वा शाखा न दाशुषे एवा हि ते विभूतय ऊतय इन्द्र मावते सद्यश्चित सन्तिदाशुषे एवा हयस्य काम्या सतोम उक्थं च शंस्या इन्द्राय सोमपीतये
endra sānasiṃ rayiṃ sajitvānaṃ sadāsaham varṣiṣṭhamūtaye bhara ni yena muṣṭihatyayā ni vṛtrā ruṇadhāmahai tvotāso nyarvatā indra tvotāsa ā vayaṃ vajraṃ ghanā dadīmahi jayema saṃ yudhi spṛdhaḥ vayaṃ śūrebhirastṛbhirindra tvayā yujā vayam sāsahyāma pṛtanyataḥ mahānindraḥ paraśca nu mahitvamastu vajriṇe dyaurnaprathinā śavaḥ samohe vā ya āśata narastokasya sanitau viprāso vā dhiyāyavaḥ yaḥ kukṣiḥ somapātamaḥ samudra iva pinvate urvīrāpo na kākudaḥ evā hyasya sūnṛtā virapśī ghomatī mahī pakvā śākhā na dāśuṣe evā hi te vibhūtaya ūtaya indra māvate sadyaścit santidāśuṣe evā hyasya kāmyā stoma ukthaṃ ca śaṃsyā indrāya somapītaye

HYMN VIII
Indra

1 INDRA, bring wealth that gives delight, the victor's ever-conquering wealth,Most excellent, to be our aid;2 By means of which we may repel our foes in battle hand to hand,By thee assisted with the car.3 Aided by thee, the thunder-armed, Indra, may we lift up the bolt,And conquer all our foes in fight.4 With thee, O India, for ally with missile-darting heroes, mayWe conquer our embattled foes.5 Mighty is Indra, yea supreme; greatness be his, the Thunderer:Wide as the heaven extends his power6 Which aideth those to win them sons, who come as heroes to the fight,Or singers loving holy thoughts.7 His belly, drinking deepest draughts of Soma, like an ocean swells,Like wide streams from the cope of heaven.8 So also is his excellence, great, vigorous, rich in cattle, likeA ripe branch to the worshipper.9 For verily thy mighty powers, Indra, are saving helps at onceUnto a worshipper like me.10 So are his lovely gifts; let lauds and praises be to Indra sung,That he may drink the Soma juice.

Hymn 9

इन्द्रेहि मत्स्यन्धसो विश्वेभिः सोमपर्वभिः महानभिष्टिरोजसा एमेनं सर्जता सुते मन्दिमिन्द्राय मन्दिने चक्रिं विश्वानि चक्रये मत्स्वा सुशिप्र मन्दिभिः सतोमेभिर्विश्वचर्षणे सचैषुसवनेष्वा अस्र्ग्रमिन्द्र ते गिरः परति तवामुदहासत अजोषा वर्षभं पतिम सं चोदय चित्रमर्वाग राध इन्द्र वरेण्यम असदित ते विभु परभु अस्मान सु तत्र चोदयेन्द्र राये रभस्वतः तुविद्युम्न यशस्वतः सं गोमदिन्द्र वाजवदस्मे पर्थु शरवो बर्हत विश्वायुर्धेह्यक्षितम अस्मे धेहि शरवो बर्हद दयुम्नं सहस्रसातमम इन्द्र ता रथिनीरिषः वसोरिन्द्रं वसुपतिं गीर्भिर्ग्र्णन्त रग्मियम होम गन्तारमूतये सुते-सुते नयोकसे बर्हद बर्हत एदरिः इन्द्राय शूषमर्चति
indrehi matsyandhaso viśvebhiḥ somaparvabhiḥ mahānabhiṣṭirojasā emenaṃ sṛjatā sute mandimindrāya mandine cakriṃ viśvāni cakraye matsvā suśipra mandibhiḥ stomebhirviśvacarṣaṇe sacaiṣusavaneṣvā asṛghramindra te ghiraḥ prati tvāmudahāsata ajoṣā vṛṣabhaṃ patim saṃ codaya citramarvāgh rādha indra vareṇyam asadit te vibhu prabhu asmān su tatra codayendra rāye rabhasvataḥ tuvidyumna yaśasvataḥ saṃ ghomadindra vājavadasme pṛthu śravo bṛhat viśvāyurdhehyakṣitam asme dhehi śravo bṛhad dyumnaṃ sahasrasātamam indra tā rathinīriṣaḥ vasorindraṃ vasupatiṃ ghīrbhirghṛṇanta ṛghmiyam homa ghantāramūtaye sute-sute nyokase bṛhad bṛhata edariḥ indrāya śūṣamarcati

HYMN IX
Indra

1 COME, Indra, and delight thee with the juice at all the Soma feasts,Protector, mighty in thy strength.2 To Indra pour ye forth the juice, the active gladdening juice to himThe gladdening, omnific God.3 O Lord of all men, fair of cheek, rejoice thee in the gladdening lauds,Present at these drink-offerings.4 Songs have outpoured themselves to thee, Indra, the strong, the guardian Lord,And raised themselves unsatisfied.5 Send to us bounty manifold, O Indra, worthy of' our wish,For power supreme is only thine.6 O Indra, stimulate thereto us emulously fain for wealth,And glorious, O most splendid One.7 Give, Indra, wide and lofty fame, wealthy in cattle and in strength,Lasting our life-time, failing not.8 Grant us high fame, O Indra, grant riches bestowing thousands, thoseFair fruits of earth borne home in wains.9 Praising with songs the praise-worthy who cometh to our aid, we callIndra, the Treasure-Lord of wealth.10 To lofty Indra, dweller by each libation, the pious manSings forth aloud a strengthening hymn.

Hymn 10

गायन्ति तवा गायत्रिणो.अर्चन्त्यर्कमर्किणः बरह्माणस्त्वा शतक्रत उद वंशमिव येमिरे यत सानोः सानुमारुहद भूर्यस्पष्ट कर्त्वम तदिन्द्रो अर्थं चेतति यूथेन वर्ष्णिरेजति युक्ष्वा हि केशिना हरी वर्षणा कक्ष्यप्रा अथा न इन्द्र सोमपा गिरामुपश्रुतिं चर एहि सतोमानभि सवराभि गर्णीह्या रुव बरह्म च नो वसोसचेन्द्र यज्ञं च वर्धय उक्थमिन्द्राय शंस्यं वर्धनं पुरुनिष्षिधे शक्रो यथा सुतेषु णो रारणत सख्येषु च तमित सखित्व ईमहे तं राये तं सुवीर्ये स शक्र उत नः शकदिन्द्रो वसु दयमानः सुविव्र्तं सुनिरजमिन्द्र तवादातमिद यशः गवामपव्रजं वर्धि कर्णुष्व राधो अद्रिवः नहि तवा रोदसी उभे रघायमाणमिन्वतः जेषः सवर्वतीरपः सं गा अस्मभ्यं धूनुहि आश्रुत्कर्ण शरुधी हवं नू चिद दधिष्व मे गिरः इन्द्र सतोममिमं मम कर्ष्वा युजश्चिदन्तरम विद्मा हि तवा वर्षन्तमं वाजेषु हवनश्रुतम वर्षन्तमस्य हूमह ऊतिं सहस्रसातमाम आ तू न इन्द्र कौशिक मन्दसानः सुतं पिब नव्यमायुःप्र सू तिर कर्धी सहस्रसां रषिम परि तवा गिर्वणो गिर इमा भवन्तु विश्वतः वर्द्धायुमनु वर्द्धयो जुष्टा भवन्तु जुष्टयः
ghāyanti tvā ghāyatriṇo.arcantyarkamarkiṇaḥ brahmāṇastvā śatakrata ud vaṃśamiva yemire yat sānoḥ sānumāruhad bhūryaspaṣṭa kartvam tadindro arthaṃ cetati yūthena vṛṣṇirejati yukṣvā hi keśinā harī vṛṣaṇā kakṣyaprā athā na indra somapā ghirāmupaśrutiṃ cara ehi stomānabhi svarābhi ghṛṇīhyā ruva brahma ca no vasosacendra yajñaṃ ca vardhaya ukthamindrāya śaṃsyaṃ vardhanaṃ puruniṣṣidhe śakro yathā suteṣu ṇo rāraṇat sakhyeṣu ca tamit sakhitva īmahe taṃ rāye taṃ suvīrye sa śakra uta naḥ śakadindro vasu dayamānaḥ suvivṛtaṃ sunirajamindra tvādātamid yaśaḥ ghavāmapavrajaṃ vṛdhi kṛṇuṣva rādho adrivaḥ nahi tvā rodasī ubhe ṛghāyamāṇaminvataḥ jeṣaḥ svarvatīrapaḥ saṃ ghā asmabhyaṃ dhūnuhi āśrutkarṇa śrudhī havaṃ nū cid dadhiṣva me ghiraḥ indra stomamimaṃ mama kṛṣvā yujaścidantaram vidmā hi tvā vṛṣantamaṃ vājeṣu havanaśrutam vṛṣantamasya hūmaha ūtiṃ sahasrasātamām ā tū na indra kauśika mandasānaḥ sutaṃ piba navyamāyuḥpra sū tira kṛdhī sahasrasāṃ ṛṣim pari tvā ghirvaṇo ghira imā bhavantu viśvataḥ vṛddhāyumanu vṛddhayo juṣṭā bhavantu juṣṭayaḥ

HYMN X
Indra

1 THE chanters hymn thee, they who say the word of praise magnify thee.The priests have raised thee up on high, O Satakratu, like a pole.2 As up he clomb from ridge to ridge and looked upon the toilsome task,Indra observes this wish of his, and the Rain hastens with his troop.3 Harness thy pair of strong bay steeds, long-maned, whose bodies fill the girths,And, Indra, Soma-drinker, come to listen to our songs of praise.4 Come hither, answer thou the song, sing in approval, cry aloud.Good Indra, make our prayer succeed, and prosper this our sacrifice.5 To Indra must a laud be said, to strengthen him who freely gives,That Sakra may take pleasure in our friendship and drink-offerings.6 Him, him we seek for friendship, him for riches and heroic might.For Indra, he is Sakra, he shall aid us while he gives us wealth.7 Easy to turn and drive away, Indra, is spoil bestowed by thee.Unclose the stable of the kine, and give us wealth O Thunder-armed8 The heaven and earth contain thee not, together, in thy wrathful mood.Win us the waters of the sky, and send us kine abundantly.9 Hear, thou whose ear is quick, my call; take to thee readily my songsO Indra, let this laud of mine come nearer even than thy friend.10 We know thee mightiest of all, in battles hearer of our cry.Of thee most mighty we invoke the aid that giveth thousandfold.11 O Indra, Son of Kusika, drink our libation with delight.Prolong our life anew, and cause the seer to win a thousand gifts.12 Lover of song, may these our songs on every side encompass thee:Strengthening thee of lengthened life, may they be dear delights to thee.